A research design in which the independent variable is added and withdrawn to demonstrate the effect, such as A-B-A-B.

A research design for comparing the effects of two treatments in a single subject, using rapid succession

A research design starting with baseline condition, then a sequence of treatment phases with changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment

A research approach involving the careful measurement of multiple persons, traits or settings both before and after a treatment. The start of treatment times is staggered across participants.

Multiple probe designs (MPD) are "rigorous in their evaluation of threats to interval validity; and are practical for teachers and clinicians who want their research efforts to be wholly compatible with their instructional or therapy activities" (Gast, 2009, p. 277).